Philosophers

427-347 Plato Greek philosopher, student of Socrates (c. 470–399 BCE), teacher of Aristotle (384–322 BCE), and founder of the Academy, best known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence.

384-322 Aristotle Greek philosopher and scientist was the author of a philosophical and scientific system that became the framework and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism and medieval Islamic philosophy. Even after the intellectual revolutions of the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment, Aristotelian concepts remained embedded in Western thinking.

333-264 Zeno of Citium Hellenistic philosopher of Phoenician origin from Citium , Cyprus. Zeno was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, which he taught in Athens from about 300 BC. Based on the moral ideas of the Cynics, Stoicism laid great emphasis on goodness and peace of mind gained from living a life

106-43 Cicero, Marcus Tullius Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer who vainly tried to uphold republican principles in the final civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic.

4-30 Jesus The central figure of Christianity. Most Christians believe he is the incarnation of God and the awaited Messiah (the Christ) prophesied in the Old Testament.

354-430 Augustine Preeminent Christian philosopher and theologian of late antiquity was the first to clearly identify will as a distinct faculty of mind. He maintained that the human will is free, and therefore that humans are morally responsible for their choices.

1214-1292 Bacon, Roger English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism. His Opus Majus contains treatments of mathematics, optics, alchemy, and astronomy, including theories on the positions and sizes of the celestial bodies.

1225-1274 Aquinas, Thomas Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church, who attempted to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy with the principles of Christianity.

1473-1543 Copernicus, Nicolas In his final year of life, he started the Scientific Revolution by publishing his helio-centric view of the heavens.

1483-1546 Luther, Martin German theologian and religious reformer who was the catalyst of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation.