495-430 Zeno of Elea Greek philosopher of Magna Graecia (Sicily and coastal southern Italy) and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell described as “immeasurably subtle and profound”.
469-399 Socrates Greek philosopher committed to objectifying the self and holding it up to scrutiny in order to examine human nature. Developed the Socratic method, which tests every assumption for its grounding and implications. Having produced no writings, his thoughts are known through the dialogues of Plato.
460-370 Hippocrates Greek physician considered to be the father of modern medicine. The most historically prominent theoretical scheme of was the doctrine of the four humors of the body: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile (or sometimes serum). Health was defined as the balance of the four humors. Disease was defined as the imbalance
436-338 Isocrates Greek philosopher who held that reality is immediate human experience and metaphysical speculation is a waste of time and energy and said that all knowledge is tentative, and values are relative. Composed the Panegyricus, a work that raises the question of whether philosophy is something that just the Greeks do.
427-347 Plato Greek philosopher, student of Socrates (c. 470–399 BCE), teacher of Aristotle (384–322 BCE), and founder of the Academy, best known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence.
384-322 Aristotle Greek philosopher and scientist was the author of a philosophical and scientific system that became the framework and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism and medieval Islamic philosophy. Even after the intellectual revolutions of the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment, Aristotelian concepts remained embedded in Western thinking.
333-264 Zeno of Citium Hellenistic philosopher of Phoenician origin from Citium , Cyprus. Zeno was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, which he taught in Athens from about 300 BC. Based on the moral ideas of the Cynics, Stoicism laid great emphasis on goodness and peace of mind gained from living a life
106-43 Cicero, Marcus Tullius Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, and writer who vainly tried to uphold republican principles in the final civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic.
4-30 Jesus The central figure of Christianity. Most Christians believe he is the incarnation of God and the awaited Messiah (the Christ) prophesied in the Old Testament.
354-430 Augustine Preeminent Christian philosopher and theologian of late antiquity was the first to clearly identify will as a distinct faculty of mind. He maintained that the human will is free, and therefore that humans are morally responsible for their choices.